Oct 28, · The contemporary feminist movement has not concentrated meaningful attention on the issue of women and wealth. Rightly, however, the movement highlighted the need for gender equity in the workforce –equal pay for equal work. This economic focus exposed the reality that race was a serious factor over-determining women’s relationship to work In , Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, a Black scholar, wrote the essay "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics" and from there she came up with the term Intersectionality. Intersectionality is the interconnected nature of social Modern family college essay episode examples of a good reflective essay.. Essay on my school in words. Describe a car essay essay about teachers day feminist Essays language. in on movement easy | the joy of having a pet essay essay on jaipur writing essay main body. Writing english essays in exams gdp essay in words essay about exercise program design, teacher burnout essay, soal
Feminism in the United States - Wikipedia
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality, feminist movement essay.
Feminist movement essay examines women's and men's social rolesfeminist movement essay, experiences, interests, chores, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, feminist movement essay, such as anthropology and sociologycommunicationmedia studiesfeminist movement essay, psychoanalysis[1] ecology, home economicsliteratureeducationand philosophy.
Feminist theory often focuses on analyzing gender inequality. Themes often explored in feminist theory include discriminationobjectification especially sexual objectification feminist movement essay, oppressionpatriarchy[3] [4] stereotypingart history [5] and contemporary art[6] [7] and aesthetics.
Feminist theories first emerged as early as in publications such as A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraftfeminist movement essay, "The Changing Woman", [10] " Ain't I a Woman ", [11] "Speech after Arrest for Illegal Voting", feminist movement essay, [12] and so on.
Sojourner Truth addressed the issue of women having limited rights due to men's flawed perception of women. Truth argued that if a feminist movement essay of color can perform tasks that were supposedly limited to men, then any woman of any color could perform those same tasks, feminist movement essay.
After her arrest feminist movement essay illegally voting, Susan B. Anthony gave a speech within court in which she addressed the issues of language within the constitution documented in her publication, "Speech after Arrest for Illegal voting" in Anthony questioned the authoritative principles of the constitution and its male-gendered language.
She raised the question of why women are accountable to be punished under law but they cannot use the law feminist movement essay their own protection women could not vote, own property, nor themselves in marriage. She also critiqued the constitution for its male-gendered language and questioned why women should have to abide by laws that do not specify women. Nancy Cott makes a distinction between modern feminism and its antecedents, particularly the struggle for suffrage.
In the United States she places the turning point in the decades before and after women obtained the vote in feminist movement essay She argues that the prior woman movement was primarily about woman as a universal entity, whereas over this year period it transformed itself into one primarily concerned with social differentiationattentive to individuality and diversity.
New issues dealt more with woman's condition as a social constructgender identityand relationships within and between genders. Politically this represented a shift from an ideological alignment comfortable with the right, to one more radically associated with the left.
Susan Kingsley Kent says that Freudian patriarchy was responsible for the diminished profile of feminism in the inter-war years, [15] others such as Juliet Mitchell consider this to be overly simplistic since Freudian theory is not wholly incompatible with feminism.
De Beauvoir provided an existentialist dimension to feminism with the publication of Le Deuxième Sexe The Second Sex in feminist movement essay For women, it is not a question of asserting themselves as women, but of becoming full-scale human beings.
Therefore, the woman feminist movement essay regain subject, to escape her defined role as "other", as a Cartesian point of departure. Feminist movement essay, feminist philosophers have had to extract de Beauvoir herself from out of the shadow of Jean-Paul Sartre to fully appreciate her, feminist movement essay.
The resurgence of feminist activism in the late s was accompanied by an emerging literature of concerns for the earth and spirituality, and environmentalism. This, in turn, created an atmosphere conducive to reigniting the study of and debate on matricentricity, as a rejection of determinismsuch as Feminist movement essay Rich [22] and Marilyn French [23] while for socialist feminists like Evelyn Reed[24] patriarchy held the properties of capitalism.
Feminist psychologists, such as Jean Baker Millersought to bring a feminist analysis to previous psychological theories, proving that "there was nothing wrong with women, but rather with the way modern culture viewed them", feminist movement essay. Elaine Showalter describes the development of feminist theory as having a number of phases. The first she calls "feminist critique" — where the feminist reader examines the ideologies behind literary phenomena.
The second Showalter calls "Gynocritics" — where the "woman feminist movement essay producer of textual meaning" including "the psychodynamics of female creativity; linguistics and the problem of a female language; the trajectory of the individual or collective female literary career and literary history ". She also criticized it for not taking account of the situation for women outside the west. Feminist psychoanalysis deconstructed the phallic hypotheses regarding the Unconscious.
Julia KristevaBracha Ettinger and Luce Irigaray developed specific notions concerning unconscious sexual difference, the feminine, and motherhood, with wide implications for film and literature analysis. There are a number of distinct feminist disciplines, in which experts in other areas apply feminist techniques and principles to their own fields.
Additionally, these are also debates which shape feminist theory and they can be applied interchangeably in the arguments of feminist theorists. In western thoughtthe body has been historically associated solely feminist movement essay women, whereas men have been associated with the mind.
For example, women's bodies have been objectified throughout history through the changing ideologies of fashion, diet, feminist movement essay, exercise programs, cosmetic surgery, childbearing, etc. This contrasts to men's role as a moral agent, responsible for working or fighting in bloody wars. The race and class of a woman can determine whether her body will be treated as decoration and protected, which is associated with middle or upper-class women's bodies. On the other hand, the other body is recognized for its use in labor and exploitation which is generally associated with women's bodies in the working-class or with women of color.
Second-wave feminist activism has argued for reproductive rights and choice. The women's health movement and lesbian feminism are also associated with this Bodies debate. The standard sex determination and gender model consists of evidence based on the determined sex and gender of every individual and serve as norms for societal life. Occasionally, feminist movement essay, variations occur during the sex-determining process, resulting in intersex conditions.
Studies into biological sex-determining systems also have begun working towards connecting certain gender conducts such as behaviors, actions, and desires with sex-determinism. The socially biasing children's sex and gender model broadens the horizons of the feminist movement essay and gender ideologies.
It revises the ideology of sex to be a social construct that is not limited to either male or feminist movement essay. The Intersex Society of North America which explains that "nature doesn't decide where the category of 'male' ends and the category of ' intersex ' begins, or where the category of 'intersex' ends and the category of 'female' begins. Humans decide. Humans today, typically doctors decide how small a penis has to be, or how unusual a combination of parts has to be before it counts as intersex".
The ideology of gender remains a social construct but is not as strict and fixed. Instead, gender is easily malleable and is forever changing. One example of where the standard definition of gender alters with time happens to be depicted in Sally Shuttleworth 's Female Feminist movement essay in which the "abasement of the woman, reducing her from an active participant in the labor market to the passive bodily existence to be controlled by male expertise is indicative of the ways in which the ideological deployment of gender roles operated to facilitate and sustain the changing structure of familial and market relations in Victorian England".
In conclusion, the contemporary sex gender model is accurate because both sex and gender are rightly seen as social constructs inclusive of the wide spectrum of sexes and genders and in which nature and nurture are interconnected. Questions about how knowledge is produced, generated, and distributed have been central to Western conceptions of feminist movement essay theory and discussions on feminist epistemology.
One debate proposes such questions as "Are there 'women's ways of knowing' and 'women's knowledge'? It theorizes that from personal experience comes knowledge which helps each individual look at things from a different insight. It is central to feminism that women are systematically subordinated, and bad faith exists when women surrender their agency to this subordination for example, acceptance of religious beliefs that a feminist movement essay is the dominant party in a marriage by the will of God.
Simone de Beauvoir labels such women "mutilated" and " immanent ". Intersectionality is the examination of various ways in which people are oppressed, feminist movement essay, based on the relational web of feminist movement essay factors of race, sex, class, nation and sexual orientation. Intersectionality "describes the simultaneous, multiple, overlapping, and contradictory systems of power that shape our lives and political options".
While this theory can be applied to all people, and more particularly all women, it is specifically mentioned and studied within the realms of black feminism. Patricia Hill Collins argues that black women in particular, have a unique perspective on the oppression of the world as unlike white women, they face both racial and gender oppression simultaneously, feminist movement essay, among other factors.
This debate raises the issue of understanding the oppressive lives of women that are not only shaped by gender alone but by other elements such as racism, classism, ageism, heterosexism, ableism etc, feminist movement essay. In this debate, women writers have addressed the issues of masculinized writing through male gendered feminist movement essay that may not serve to accommodate the literary understanding of women's lives.
Such masculinized language that feminist theorists address is the use of, for example, "God the Father", which is looked upon as a way of designating the sacred as solely men or, in other words, biblical language glorifies feminist movement essay through all of the masculine pronouns like "he" and "him" and addressing God as a "He". Feminist theorists attempt to reclaim and redefine women through re-structuring language. For example, feminist theorists have used the term " womyn " instead of "women".
Some feminist theorists find solace in changing titles of unisex jobs for example, police officer versus policeman or mail carrier versus mailman.
Some feminist theorists have reclaimed and redefined such words as " dyke " and " bitch " and others have invested redefining knowledge into feminist dictionaries. Feminist psychology is a form of psychology centered on societal structures and gender.
Feminist psychology critiques the fact that historically psychological research has been done from a male perspective with the view that males are the norm. It incorporates gender and the ways women are affected by issues resulting from it, feminist movement essay.
Ethel Dench Puffer Howes was one of the first women to enter the field of psychology. She was the executive secretary of the National College Equal Suffrage League in One major psychological theory, relational-cultural theoryis based on the work of Jean Baker Millerfeminist movement essay, whose book Toward a New Psychology of Women proposes that "growth-fostering relationships are a central human necessity and that disconnections are the source of psychological problems", feminist movement essay.
Psychoanalytic feminism and feminist psychoanalysis are based on Freud and his psychoanalytic theoriesbut they also supply an important critique of it. It maintains that gender is not biological but is based on the psycho-sexual development of the individual, but also that sexual difference and gender are different notions. Psychoanalytical feminists believe that gender inequality comes from early childhood experiences, which lead men to believe themselves to be masculineand women to believe themselves feminine.
It is further maintained that gender leads to a social system that is dominated by males, which in turn influences the individual psycho-sexual development. As a solution it was suggested by some to avoid the gender-specific structuring of the society coeducation. Other feminist psychoanalysts and feminist theorists whose contributions have enriched the field through an engagement with psychoanalysis are Jessica Benjamin[48] Jacqueline Rose[49] Ranjana Khanna[50] and Shoshana Felman.
Feminist literary criticism is literary criticism informed by feminist theories or politics. Its history has been varied, from classic works of female authors such as George EliotVirginia Woolf[52] and Margaret Fuller to recent theoretical work in women's studies and gender studies by " third-wave " authors, feminist movement essay.
In the most general terms, feminist literary criticism before the s was concerned with the politics of women's authorship and the representation of women's condition within literature, feminist movement essay.
It has considered gender in the terms of Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysisas part of the deconstruction of existing power relations. Many feminist film critics, such as Laura Mulveyhave pointed to the " male gaze " that predominates in classical Hollywood film making. Through the use of various film techniquessuch as shot reverse shotthe viewers are led to align themselves with the point of view of a male protagonist. Notably, women function as objects of this gaze far more often than as proxies for the spectator.
Linda Nochlin [58] and Griselda Feminist movement essay [59] [60] [61] are prominent art historians writing on contemporary and modern artists and articulating Art history from a feminist perspective since the feminist movement essay. Pollock works with French psychoanalysis, and in particular with Kristeva's and Ettinger's theories, to offer new insights into art history and contemporary art with special regard to questions of trauma and trans-generation memory in the works of women artists.
Other prominent feminist art historians feminist movement essay Norma Broude and Mary Garrard ; Amelia Jones ; Mieke Bal ; Carol Duncan ; Lynda Nead ; Lisa Tickner ; Tamar Garb ; Hilary Robinson ; Katy Deepwell.
Feminist history refers to the re-reading and re-interpretation of history from a feminist movement essay perspective. It is not the same as the history of feminismwhich outlines the origins and evolution of the feminist movement.
It also differs from women's historywhich focuses on the role of women in historical events. The goal of feminist history is to explore and illuminate the female viewpoint of history through rediscovery of female writers, artists, philosophers, etc.
Feminist geography is often considered part of a broader postmodern approach feminist movement essay the subject which is not primarily concerned with the development of conceptual theory in itself but rather focuses on the real experiences of individuals and groups in their own localities, upon the geographies that they live in within their own communities. In addition to its analysis of the real world, it also critiques existing geographical and social studiesarguing that academic traditions are delineated by patriarchyand that contemporary studies which do not confront the nature of previous work reinforce the male bias of academic study.
The Feminist philosophy refers to a philosophy approached from a feminist perspective. This critique stems from the dichotomy Western philosophy has conjectured with the mind and body phenomena.
MEETING THE ENEMY A feminist comes to terms with the Men's Rights movement - Cassie Jaye - TEDxMarin
, time: 14:48Feminist Movement Essay | Bartleby
In , Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, a Black scholar, wrote the essay "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics" and from there she came up with the term Intersectionality. Intersectionality is the interconnected nature of social Feminist history refers to the re-reading and re-interpretation of history from a feminist perspective. It is not the same as the history of feminism, which outlines the origins and evolution of the feminist movement. It also differs from women's history, which focuses on the role of women in historical events. The goal of feminist history is Feb 07, · Scholars and historians often divide the feminist movement into three "waves." First-wave feminism, rooted in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, is closely related to the women's suffrage movement, as it focused primarily on legal inequalities. In contrast, second-wave feminism was mainly active in the s and 70s and focused on inequalities embedded in social norms more than
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