From Revolution to Reconstruction and what happened afterwards. A project on American History containing outlines of American History & Culture, sourcematerials, essays, May 08, · Editor-in-Chief Alan Jette, PT, PhD, FAPTA, talks with David Nicholls, author of PTJ's latest history essay and of the controversial book titled "The End of Physiotherapy." 'On the Shoulders of Giants': Q&A With First PT Promoted to Army Brig. General. Sep 8, / Interview BLACK RECONSTRUCTION IN AMERICA I. THE BLACK WORKER How black men, coming to America in the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, became a central thread in the history of the United States, at once a challenge to its democracy and always an important part of its economic history and social development
Courses — Royal College of Surgeons
In the spring ofreconstruction essay, the Civil War reconstruction essay to an end, leaving overreconstruction essay, dead and a devastating path of destruction throughout the south. The North now faced the task of reconstruction essay the ravaged and indignant Confederate states. There were many important questions that needed to be answered as the nation faced the challenges of peace:.
On April reconstruction essay,two days after Confederate General Robert E. On April 14, Lincoln held a Cabinet meeting to discuss post-war rebuilding in detail. President Reconstruction essay wanted to get southern state governments in operation before Congress met in December in order to avoid the persecution of the vindictive Radical Republicans.
Lincoln died the following day, reconstruction essay, leaving the South with little hope for a non-vindictive Reconstruction, reconstruction essay. The absence of any provisions in the Constitution that could be applied to Reconstruction led to a disagreement over who held the authority to direct Reconstruction and how it reconstruction essay take place.
Lincoln felt the president had authority based on the constitutional obligation of the federal reconstruction essay to guarantee each state a republican government, reconstruction essay. Even before the war had ended, Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction inhis compassionate policy for dealing with the South.
The Proclamation stated that all Southerners could be pardoned and reinstated as U. citizens if they took an oath of allegiance to the Constitution and the Union and pledged to abide by emancipation. High Confederate officials, Army reconstruction essay Navy officers, and U.
judges and congressmen who left their posts to aid the southern rebellion were excluded from this pardon. Two congressional factions formed over the subject of Reconstruction. They wanted to effect sweeping changes in the south and grant the freed slaves full citizenship before the states were restored. The influential group of Radicals also felt that Congress, reconstruction essay, not the president, should direct Reconstruction. The bill also required that the state constitutional conventions abolish slavery.
Lincoln pocket-vetoed, or refused to sign, the proposal, keeping the Wade-Davis bill from becoming law. In the election, Lincoln chose Andrew Johnson as his vice presidential running mate as a gesture of unity. Johnson was reconstruction essay War Democrat from Tennessee, reconstruction essay state on the border of the north-south division in the United States. Johnson was a good political choice as a running mate because he helped garner votes from the War Democrats and other pro-Southern groups.
Johnson was born to impoverished parents in North Carolina, orphaned at an early age, and moved to Tennessee. Self-educated, he rose through the political ranks to be a congressman, reconstruction essay, a governor of Tennessee, and a United States senator. At the outbreak of the Civil War, reconstruction essay, Johnson was the only senator from a seceding state who remained loyal to the Union.
Johnson's political career was built on his defense of small farmers and poor white southerners against the aristocratic classes, reconstruction essay. The Radical Republicans believed at first that Johnson, unlike Lincoln, wanted to punish the South for seceding.
These wealthy Southerners were the ones Johnson believed led the South into secession. However, these Confederates were allowed to petition him for personal pardons.
Before the year was over, Johnson, who seemed to savor power over the aristocrats who begged for his favor, had issued some 13, such pardons. These pardons allowed many of the planter aristocrats the power to exercise control over Reconstruction of their states. The Radical Republicans were outraged that the planter elite once again controlled many areas of the south.
Johnson also called for special state conventions to repeal the ordinances of secession, abolish slavery, repudiate all debts incurred to aid the Confederacy, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. Suggestions of black suffrage were scarcely raised at these state conventions and promptly quashed when they reconstruction essay. On December 6,Johnson announced that the southern states had met his conditions for Reconstruction and that in his opinion the Union was now restored.
As it became clear that the design of the new southern state governments was remarkably like the old governments, both moderate Republicans and the Radical Republicans grew increasingly angry. When Congress convened in Decemberthe legislative members from the newly reconstituted southern states presented themselves at the Capitol. Among them were Alexander H.
Stephens--who was the ex-vice-president of reconstruction essay Confederacy--four Confederate generals, reconstruction essay, five colonels, and several other rebels. After four bloody years of war, the presence of these Confederates infuriated the Congressional Republicans, who immediately reconstruction essay seats to all members from the eleven former Confederate states.
The South intended to preserve slavery as nearly as possible in order to guarantee a stable labor supply. While life under the Black Codes was an improvement over slavery, the codes identified blacks as a separate class with fewer liberties and more restrictions than white citizens.
The details of the Codes varied from state to state, but some universal policies applied. Existing black marriages were recognized, blacks could testify in court cases involving other blacks, reconstruction essay, and blacks could own certain kinds of property.
In contrast, blacks could not serve on a jury and were not allowed to vote, reconstruction essay. They were barred from renting and leasing land and in many states could not carry firearms without a license.
The Codes also had strict labor provisions. Vagrants, drunkards, and beggars were given stiff fines, and if they could not pay them, they were sentenced to work on a chain gang, reconstruction essay. Most former slaves lacked capital and marketable skills and had only manual labor as a means of support.
The black activist Frederick Douglass explained: "A former slave was free from the individual master, but the slave of society. He had neither money, property, reconstruction essay, nor friends. He was free from the old plantation, but he had nothing but the dusty road under his feet.
Thousands of freedmen became sharecropper farmers, which led them to becoming indentured servants, indebted to the plantation owner and resulting in generations of people working the same plot of land. The situation in the south left Northerners wondering what they had gone to war for, reconstruction essay blacks were essentially being re-enslaved. Even moderate Republicans started to adopt the views of the more radical party members. A clash between President Johnson and Congress over Reconstruction was now inevitable.
Northern Republicans did not want to give up the political advantage they held, especially by allowing former Confederate leaders to reclaim their seats in Congress. Since the South did not participate in Congress from toRepublicans were able to pass legislation that favored the North, reconstruction essay, such as the Morrill Tariff, the Pacific Railroad Reconstruction essay, and the Homestead Act.
This population increase would tip the congressional leadership to the South, enabling them to perpetuate the Black Codes and virtually re-enslave blacks. Although the bill had broad support, reconstruction essay, President Johnson claimed that it was an unconstitutional extension of military authority since wartime conditions no longer existed.
Striking back, Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill in March This Bill granted American citizenship to blacks and denied the states the power to restrict their rights to hold property, testify in court, and make contracts for their labor.
Congress aimed to destroy the Black Codes and justified the legislation as implementing freedom under the Thirteenth Amendment. Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Bill, which prompted most Republicans to believe there was no chance of future cooperation with him.
The Republicans wanted to ensure the principles of the Civil Rights Act by adding a new amendment to the Constitution. Doing so would keep reconstruction essay Southerners from repealing the laws if they ever won control of Congress.
In JuneCongress sent the proposed Fourteenth Amendment, which in the context of the times was a radical measure, to the states for ratification:. All Republicans agreed that no state would be welcomed back to the Union without ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment. In contrast, President Johnson recommended that the states reject it. During this same time, bloody race riots erupted in several southern cities, adding fuel to the Reconstruction battle.
The congressional election of widened the divide between President Johnson and Congress. His tour was a complete failure as he exchanged hot-tempered insults with the critics in the crowd. When the congressional election was complete, the Republicans won more than the two-thirds majority in the House and the Senate that they needed to override any presidential vetoes.
If the southern states reconstruction essay been willing to adopt the Fourteenth Amendment, reconstruction essay, coercive measures might have been avoided. On March 2,Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act, which became the final plan for Reconstruction and identified the new reconstruction essay under which the southern governments would be formed. Tennessee was exempt from the Act because it had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment.
The southern states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and adopt new state constitutions guaranteeing blacks the right to vote in order for their representatives to be admitted to Congress and military rule to end which paved the way for easy ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment later.
However, the Act did not go as far as giving freedmen land or education at federal expense. Although peacetime military rule seemed contrary to the spirit of the Constitution, the Supreme Court allowed it. It was not until that the last federal troops left the south. Radical Republicans were still concerned that once the states were re-admitted to the Union, they would amend their constitutions and withdraw black suffrage.
They moved to safeguard their legislation by adding it to the federal Constitution with the Fifteenth Amendment. Reconstruction essay Fifteenth Amendment did not guarantee the right to vote regardless of sex, which outraged feminists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Efforts to include female suffrage in the Fifteenth Amendment were defeated, and 50 years passed before an amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote. While most of the southern states had quickly ratified the Fifteenth Amendment under pressure from the federal government, reconstruction essay, Democratic Party dominance in those states assured the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were largely ignored.
Literacy tests and poll taxes were often used to keep blacks from voting. Intimidation and lynching were also common means to keep blacks from the polls. Full suffrage for blacks was not realized until You just finished Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction Plans. Nice work! Previous Outline Next Outline, reconstruction essay. AP English Sample Essays Rhetorical Terms Bonus Knowledge AP European History Chapter Outlines.
AP Microeconomics Chapter Outlines AP Psychology Chapter Outlines AP U. Reconstruction essay Vocabulary Important Reconstruction essay. History Chapter Outlines Vocabulary Practice Tests Topic Outlines Timelines Court Cases Sample Essays. AP World History Chapter Outlines Submit notes. Admissions Essays Common App Essays Brown Essays Caltech Essays Carnegie Mellon Essays Columbia Essays Cornell Essays Dartmouth Essays.
Duke Essays Emory Essays Georgetown Essays Harvard Essays Johns Hopkins Essays MIT Essays Northwestern Essays Notre Dame Essays, reconstruction essay. Vanderbilt Essays Wash.
North or South: Who Killed Reconstruction?
, time: 12:44Grant, Reconstruction and the KKK | American Experience | Official Site | PBS
From Revolution to Reconstruction and what happened afterwards. A project on American History containing outlines of American History & Culture, sourcematerials, essays, • Reconstruction • Gilded Age • America Becomes a World Power • Progressive Era • World War I • s • Great Depression • World War II • Post-War Era • s • Sep 06, · Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan helped to expedite the end of the Civil War and begin reconstruction efforts with mercy. Explore the Ten Percent Plan, its radical opposition, and its legacy in
No comments:
Post a Comment